Chapter 4. Introduction to Variables and Parameters
Variables are how programming and scripting languages represent data. A variable is nothing more than a label, a name assigned to a location or set of locations in computer memory holding an item of data.
Variables appear in arithmetic operations and manipulation of quantities, and in string parsing.
4.1. Variable Substitution
The name of a variable is a placeholder for its value, the data it holds. Referencing its value is called variable substitution.
- $
Let us carefully distinguish between the name of a variable and its value. If variable1 is the name of a variable, then $variable1 is a reference to its value, the data item it contains.
bash$ variable=23 bash$ echo variable variable bash$ echo $variable 23
The only time a variable appears "naked" -- without the $ prefix -- is when declared or assigned, when unset, when exported, or in the special case of a variable representing a signal (see Example 29-5). Assignment may be with an = (as in var1=27), in a read statement, and at the head of a loop (for var2 in 1 2 3).
Enclosing a referenced value in double quotes (" ") does not interfere with variable substitution. This is called partial quoting, sometimes referred to as "weak quoting." Using single quotes (' ') causes the variable name to be used literally, and no substitution will take place. This is full quoting, sometimes referred to as "strong quoting." See Chapter 5 for a detailed discussion.
Note that $variable is actually a simplified alternate form of ${variable}. In contexts where the $variable syntax causes an error, the longer form may work (see Section 9.3, below).
Example 4-1. Variable assignment and substitution
1 #!/bin/bash 2 3 # Variables: assignment and substitution 4 5 a=375 6 hello=$a 7 8 #------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 # No space permitted on either side of = sign when initializing variables. 10 # What happens if there is a space? 11 12 # "VARIABLE =value" 13 # ^ 14 #% Script tries to run "VARIABLE" command with one argument, "=value". 15 16 # "VARIABLE= value" 17 # ^ 18 #% Script tries to run "value" command with 19 #+ the environmental variable "VARIABLE" set to "". 20 #------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 22 23 echo hello # Not a variable reference, just the string "hello". 24 25 echo $hello 26 echo ${hello} # Identical to above. 27 28 echo "$hello" 29 echo "${hello}" 30 31 echo 32 33 hello="A B C D" 34 echo $hello # A B C D 35 echo "$hello" # A B C D 36 # As you see, echo $hello and echo "$hello" give different results. 37 # ======================================= 38 # Quoting a variable preserves whitespace. 39 # ======================================= 40 41 echo 42 43 echo '$hello' # $hello 44 # ^ ^ 45 # Variable referencing disabled by single quotes, 46 #+ which causes the "$" to be interpreted literally. 47 48 # Notice the effect of different types of quoting. 49 50 51 hello= # Setting it to a null value. 52 echo "\$hello (null value) = $hello" 53 # Note that setting a variable to a null value is not the same as 54 #+ unsetting it, although the end result is the same (see below). 55 56 # -------------------------------------------------------------- 57 58 # It is permissible to set multiple variables on the same line, 59 #+ if separated by white space. 60 # Caution, this may reduce legibility, and may not be portable. 61 62 var1=21 var2=22 var3=$V3 63 echo 64 echo "var1=$var1 var2=$var2 var3=$var3" 65 66 # May cause problems with older versions of "sh" . . . 67 68 # -------------------------------------------------------------- 69 70 echo; echo 71 72 numbers="one two three" 73 # ^ ^ 74 other_numbers="1 2 3" 75 # ^ ^ 76 # If there is whitespace embedded within a variable, 77 #+ then quotes are necessary. 78 # other_numbers=1 2 3 # Gives an error message. 79 echo "numbers = $numbers" 80 echo "other_numbers = $other_numbers" # other_numbers = 1 2 3 81 # Escaping the whitespace also works. 82 mixed_bag=2\ ---\ Whatever 83 # ^ ^ Space after escape (\). 84 85 echo "$mixed_bag" # 2 --- Whatever 86 87 echo; echo 88 89 echo "uninitialized_variable = $uninitialized_variable" 90 # Uninitialized variable has null value (no value at all). 91 uninitialized_variable= # Declaring, but not initializing it -- 92 #+ same as setting it to a null value, as above. 93 echo "uninitialized_variable = $uninitialized_variable" 94 # It still has a null value. 95 96 uninitialized_variable=23 # Set it. 97 unset uninitialized_variable # Unset it. 98 echo "uninitialized_variable = $uninitialized_variable" 99 # It still has a null value. 100 echo 101 102 exit 0
An uninitialized variable has a "null" value - no assigned value at all (not zero!). Using a variable before assigning a value to it will usually cause problems.
It is nevertheless possible to perform arithmetic operations on an uninitialized variable.
See also Example 14-22.1 echo "$uninitialized" # (blank line) 2 let "uninitialized += 5" # Add 5 to it. 3 echo "$uninitialized" # 5 4 5 # Conclusion: 6 # An uninitialized variable has no value, 7 #+ however it acts as if it were 0 in an arithmetic operation. 8 # This is undocumented (and probably non-portable) behavior.